In cryptography, a cipher is an algorithm for performing encryption or decryption. A cipher is a set of rules that describes how to encode (or encrypt) a message, and how to decode (or decrypt) it. There are many different types of ciphers, ranging from simple substitution ciphers to more complex modern ciphers such as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).

Ciphers can be symmetric or asymmetric. In a symmetric cipher, the same key is used for both encryption and decryption. In an asymmetric cipher, also known as a public-key cipher, two different keys are used: a public key for encryption, and a private key for decryption. Asymmetric ciphers are widely used for secure communication over the internet, as they allow anyone to send an encrypted message without the need to share a secret key beforehand.

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