IPsec (Internet Protocol Security) is a suite of protocols used to secure Internet Protocol (IP) communications by authenticating and encrypting each IP packet of a communication session. It provides secure communication over an insecure network, such as the Internet. IPsec can be used to protect data flows between a pair of hosts (host-to-host), between a pair of security gateways (network-to-network), or between a security gateway and a host (network-to-host). It is often used to secure virtual private network (VPN) connections.

IPsec uses a combination of protocols, algorithms, and keys to provide confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity for IP communications. It includes protocols such as AH (Authentication Header) and ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) for authentication and encryption, and IKE (Internet Key Exchange) for key management. IPsec can operate in either transport mode, where it protects only the payload of the IP packet, or tunnel mode, where it protects the entire IP packet.

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